Alternative Landfill Technologies

ITRC offers three Internet-based training courses on alternative landfill technologies:

• Design, Installation, and Monitoring of Alternative Final Landfill Covers
• Characterization, Design, Construction and Monitoring of Bioreactor Landfills
• Evaluating, Optimizing, or Ending Post-Closure Care at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills

More details are provided below.

Design, Installation, and Monitoring of Alternative Final Landfill Covers

Solid and hazardous waste landfills are required by federal, state, and/or local regulations to cover waste materials prior to or as part of final closure. The ITRC Alternative Landfill Technologies team believes that the solid and hazardous waste regulations clearly provide a mechanism to permit, design, construct, and maintain landfills with alternative cover design. Several primary types of alternative landfill covers have been proposed for solid, hazardous, and mixed waste landfills; however, the design is in the science and engineering and should not be categorized or prescriptive. Alternative covers have been constructed and are fully operational at industrial waste, construction debris, municipal solid waste, and hazardous waste landfills. Alternative final covers (AFCs) may be used on bioreactor, conventional, or other types of landfills. Types of AFCs may include, but are not limited to, asphalt covers, concrete covers, capillary barrier covers, and evapotranspiration (ET) covers.

This training and associated guidance focus on ET covers and the decisions associated with their successful design, construction, and long-term care. ITRC developed the guidance document Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Design, Installation and Monitoring of Alternative Final Landfill Covers (ALT-2, 2003) and this associated training course to provide tools and resources when considering the application of alternative final landfill covers. The ITRC guidance and training course focus on a class of landfill final covers ('alternative' covers) as integral parts of an overall landfill system that differ in both design and operational theory from those designs prescribed in RCRA regulations.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Bioreactors are landfills where controlled addition of non-hazardous liquid wastes, sludges, or water accelerates the decomposition of waste and landfill gas generation. According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there are approximately 2,500 permitted municipal solid waste landfills (MSWLFs) currently in operation in the United States. Approximately 10% of these facilities will involve retrofitting bioreactors and commence leachate recirculation on existing landfill infrastructures. Current trends indicate that 10-15 new landfills are being constructed each year, with 2-4 facilities being constructed as bioreactors.

The bioreactor process enhances gas generation that can provide a revenue stream and decrease the contaminant load in the leachate. Both of these activities reduce the potential risks associated with the landfill while increasing its long-term stability. When evaluating the bioreactor landfill concept, three additional advantages can be identified:

• Decomposition and biological stabilization of the waste in a bioreactor landfill can occur in a much shorter time frame than occurs in a traditional "dry tomb" landfill
• Bioreactors reduced leachate handling costs
• Accelerated waste stabilization reduces the amount of post-closure care that may be necessary for the facility

This training, based on the ITRC Characterization, Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Bioreactor Landfills (ALT-3, 2006), teaches the principles used to make critical decisions faced by regulatory agencies, consultants, and industry during permitting, operating, and monitoring a bioreactor landfill. This training also provides a general understanding of the biological degradation of solid wastes under aerobic and anaerobic waste conditions and the degradation products associated with each process.

Course Dates:

• April 10, 2008

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Since 1988, more than 6,100 municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills have closed (see http://www.epa.gov/msw/pubs/mswchar05.pdf). Determining when the regulatory post-closure care (PCC) period can be ended for a permitted solid waste disposal facility is one of the greatest challenges facing the solid waste industry in recent times. Using a performance-based process, conducted on a site-specific basis, to determine if a closed landfill poses a threat to human health and the environment provides information necessary to defensibly conclude that the closed landfill does not pose a threat and allows termination of the regulatory post-closure care period.

This training, based on ITRC's Technical and Regulatory Guidance: Evaluating, Optimizing, or Ending Post-Closure Care at Municipal Solid Waste Landfills Based on Site-Specific Data Evaluations (ALT-4, 2006), describes a method to evaluate the performance of Post Closure Care (PCC) at a landfill and determine when leachate recovery, landfill gas management, groundwater monitoring and cap maintenance can be reduced or even ended based on threats (to human health and the environment) posed by the closed landfill. The training and document describe "custodial care" as those requirements the property owner must follow after PCC has ended. They include de minimus site management and care activities including meeting end-use obligations, maintaining institutional control, controlling access, satisfying local ordinances, and fulfilling other applicable regulations and are included as deed restrictions or other enforceable means which follow all land transfers. The training and document focus on PCC of municipal solid waste landfills. However, PCC is relevant to closed sites and facilities managed in accordance with a variety of regulatory programs including RCRA, CERCLA, Solid Waste, Brownfields, Voluntary Cleanup, mined land reclamation, and others. Solid waste professionals and other landfill decision makers (e.g. owners; operators; consultants; Federal, state and local government; and the public) should attend this training.

Course Dates:

• March 18, 2008
• November 20, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

ITRC offers four Internet-based training courses on in situ bioremediation:

• Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Solvents in Groundwater
• Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices
• Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices & Historical Case Analysis of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound Plumes
• Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation in Groundwater: Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride & Perchlorate

More details are provided below.

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Solvents in Groundwater

Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation (EISB) systems designed to remediate chlorinated solvents in groundwater involve input of an organic source, nutrients, electron acceptors, and/or microbial cultures to stimulate degradation. EISB systems may be used to remediate high concentrations areas within plumes or source areas, to help provide containment of a chlorinated solvent plume, or as part of a treatment train down gradient from a primary cleanup or containment system.

This training is designed to introduce state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners and community stakeholders to the document created by the ITRC's In Situ Bioremediation Technical Team and the Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF) Bioremediation Consortium titled, Technical & Regulatory Guidance for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater (ISB-6, 1998). The training focuses on a variety of amendments, which may be added to in situ bioremediation systems, the mechanism of delivery and regulatory issues associated with approving or permitting EISB systems. This training includes discussion of common problems encountered during operation of a system.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to ITRC's Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices (ISB-3, 1999), created by ITRC's In Situ Bioremediation Team and the Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF) Bioremediation Consortium. The manual and presentation are based on RTDF research activities and on experience and knowledge of the participating members. The course provides a framework for thinking about natural attenuation based on science, focusing on the basic information needed to determine and document the conditions necessary for natural processes to be an effective part of remediating chlorinated solvents in groundwater.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices & Historical Case Analysis of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound Plumes

In this special session of the ITRC Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices training course, the training class includes an additional two hours of content with information on historical case analysis of chlorinated volatile organic compound plumes.

The first two hours of this training class provide the Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices training course described above.

The second two hours of this training class describe the findings and conclusions from a study of nationwide chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) plumes. It uses a statistical approach and data from multiple sites to evaluate hydrogeologic, biogeochemical, and physiochemical factors affecting the extent and growth behavior of CVOC plumes in groundwater. A number of specific questions of interest to managers of CVOC cleanup were addressed by this study:

• How often is a dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) inferred to be present at sites within the CVOC historical data set and what is the relationship of inferred DNAPL presence to the plume length at a given site?
• How often is evidence of transformation processes in association with the CVOC plumes in the data set and what are the relationships between the indications of transformations and plume length?
• Do daughter product plumes behave differently compared to parent CVOC plumes?
• What is the relationship of fuel hydrocarbon co-contamination to CVOC plume behavior?

This study provides the first statistical analysis of data from a relatively large population of CVOC plumes. It demonstrates that broad trends in relationships between plume behavior and key site variables can be determined through the statistical analyses of historical field data from a large number of sites. This finding is important because it demonstrates that: (1) specific hydrogeologic conditions and contaminant release scenarios at individual sites are not so unique that expected overall trends in the data are completely obscured, and (2) useful average values for site variables such as hydraulic conductivity and groundwater velocity can be quantified in most situations. Such information is useful in bounding the uncertainty in CVOC plume behavior that is important in making risk and long-term resource management decisions. The possible application of the CVOC historical case data to individual site plume behavior uncertainty will be discussed and illustrated by examples. Important measurements that are frequently neglected will also be discussed.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Several aspects of in situ bioremediation (ISB) are characteristic of all sites, no matter what contaminant is being scrutinized. Many site characteristics used to determine the efficacy of ISB are also similar, even though contaminants and breakdown products differ. Once a site has been characterized for ISB efficacy and the contaminants of concern and degradation products have been defined, engineered approaches can be designed, pilot-tested, and possibly deployed.

This training presents a decision tree for reviewing, planning, evaluating, and approving in situ bioremediation (ISB) systems in the saturated subsurface. It defines site parameters and appropriate ranges of criteria necessary for characterization, testing, design, and monitoring of ISB technologies. The course is based on ITRC's Systematic Approach to In Situ Bioremediation: Nitrates, Carbon Tetrachloride, and Perchlorate (ISB-8, 2002), which describes information needed for any ISB evaluation, provides a flow diagram defining primary decision points, and discusses characteristics used to evaluate monitored natural attenuation or enhanced ISB application as remediation options. It includes examples of how to apply the document, with additional decision trees for nitrate, carbon tetrachloride, and perchlorate.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Direct-push wells have been used for temporary groundwater monitoring purposes for many years but are generally prohibited for use as long-term groundwater monitoring wells. Recent research indicates that direct-push wells are as well suited for long-term environmental groundwater monitoring purposes as conventionally constructed wells. Since they can be installed for much less expense, direct-push wells are an attractive option. However, most states' regulations prohibit their use indirectly due to the requirement of a minimum annular space.

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to The Use of Direct Push Well Technology for Long-term Environmental Monitoring in Groundwater Investigations (SCM-2, 2006), created by ITRC's Sampling, Characterization, and Monitoring Team to assist reviewers in assessing the adequacy of direct-push well projects. This course gives the participant a background in the principles of direct-push wells and presents the state of the art regarding recent research.

Course Dates:

• June 19, 2008 (Thursday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• December 11, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)

ITRC offers two Internet-based training courses on DNAPLs:

• Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones
• Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies

More details are provided below.

Surfactant/cosolvent flushing involves the injection and subsequent extraction of chemicals to solubilize and/or mobilize dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs). The chemical flood and the solubilized or mobilized DNAPL are removed through extraction wells, and the liquids are either disposed or treated on site. This is a mature technology in the petroleum-engineering field, supported by decades of research and field tests.

Environmental applications have become more common in recent years. The technology has been shown effective for several DNAPL types, including spent degreasing solvents (TCE and TCA), dry cleaning solvents (PCE), heavy fuel oils, and coal tar/creosote. Lab work has demonstrated applicability to PCB-containing mineral oils. The primary appeal of the technology is its potential to quickly remove a large fraction of the total DNAPL mass. Technical challenges include locating and delineating the DNAPL source zone, estimating the initial DNAPL mass and spatial distribution, characterizing the hydraulic properties of the aquifer, delivering and distributing the injected chemicals to the targeted zone, and designing the optimum chemical formulation for a given DNAPL composition and soil type. Typical concerns include the cost of disposal of the effluent, regulatory permitting for underground injection of tracers or flushing agents, the overall impact of unremoved DNAPL, and the expertise of the personnel involved in site remediation.

This training familiarizes participants with ITRC's Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones (DNAPL-3, 2003), which provides technical and regulatory information to help people understand, evaluate and make informed decisions regarding potential surfactant/cosolvent flushing projects. Included are a description of the technology, system operation, performance assessment, regulatory considerations, stakeholder concerns, case studies, and technical references.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

DNAPLs Performance Assessment - Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies

The environmental problems associated with DNAPLs (dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids) are well known: DNAPLs are extremely difficult to locate, small amounts contaminate large volumes, conventional groundwater extraction technologies do not work, and restoration of DNAPL sites to drinking water standards or maximum contaminant levels is considered unattainable. DNAPLs can be treated by implementing one of several or a combination of technologies. Despite the ever-increasing number of field applications of DNAPL removal technologies, many unanswered questions remain regarding the effectiveness of these technologies and how best to measure their performance with respect to site-specific remedial objectives.

This training addresses specific issues dealing with monitoring the performance of various DNAPL source zone remediation technologies. It is based on ITRC's Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies (DNAPLs-5, 2004). Performance is discussed in terms of effective and efficient progress toward the project goals. Elements of a robust performance monitoring program are described, including the need to establish appropriate performance goals and metrics well in advance. The applicability and limitations of various performance metrics, including the concept of mass flux, are discussed. Because of these limitations, a converging lines of evidence approach to performance assessment is stressed. While some issues pertaining to DNAPL fate and transport are covered in the document, participants are encouraged to review the material presented in the UK Environment Agency's Illustrated Handbook of DNAPL Fate and Transport in the Subsurface prior to taking the course.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

The design and construction of the ecological end-use as an integrated component of the remediation system will realize pronounced benefits. Ecological elements considered at the inception of planning for environmental remediation at Superfund, RCRA, and Brownfield sites can be a cost-effective and an efficient way to restore, create, and improve wildlife habitat or the ecological system of the site. Incorporation of ecological elements can benefit multiple stakeholders, such as regulatory agencies, the regulated community (industry), local communities, and the general public.

This training is based on the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance: Planning and Promoting Ecological Land Reuse of Remediated Sites (ECO-2, 2006). The document presents a process to promote ecological land re-use activities considering natural or green technologies instead of more traditional remedies. The guidance demonstrates that natural or ecological end-uses are valuable alternatives to conventional property development or redevelopment. It contains the principal decision points in a flow diagram format and discusses the practicality of applying natural or green technologies to traditional remediation processes.

Course Dates:

• May 15, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• September 23, 2008 (Tuesday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Many sites with chlorinated organic contamination in groundwater have gone through extensive remedial evaluations and actions. After years of operating high energy processes, their effectiveness has begun to diminish without remedial objectives being met. Other effective remedial alternatives can be applied; however, there are difficulties transitioning these sites from these high energy systems to other low energy remedial alternatives and eventually to Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA).

This training on the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics (EACO-1, 2008) describes the transition (the bridge) between aggressive remedial actions and MNA and vise versa. Enhanced attenuation (EA) is the application of technologies that minimize energy input and are sustainable in order to reduce contaminant loading and/or increase the attenuation capacity of a contaminated plume to progress sites towards established remedial objectives. Contaminant loading and attenuation capacity are fundamental to sound decisions for remediation of groundwater contamination. This training explains how a decision framework which, when followed, allows for a smooth transition between more aggressive remedial technologies to sustainable remedial alternatives and eventually to Monitored Natural Attenuation. This training will demonstrate how this decision framework allows regulators and practitioners to integrate Enhanced Attenuation into the remedial decision process.

As our experience and knowledge grows around the implementation of MNA, the EA process will be considered an important management tool for optimizing site remedies and moving sites to final completion. This approach is consistent with the current regulatory environment and can be accommodated within a broad range of regulatory programs such as CERCLA and State dry cleaner regulations. This new framework and decision process will accelerate the environmental clean-up progress on a national scale and reduce overall costs, while still providing protection to human health and the environment.

For reference during the training class, participants should download and print a copy of the decision flow chart, Figure 2-1 on page 10 of the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance for Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics (EACO-1, 2008) and available as a 1-page PDF at http://www.cluin.org/conf/itrc/eaco/ITRC-EACO-DecisionFlowchart.pdf.

Course Dates :

• June 26, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• September 11, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• November 6, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

Once the archive is available, you can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

In the United States, an estimated 200,000+ remediation sites potentially threaten groundwater resources. When conventional treatment methods (e.g., pump and treat technology) are costly and inefficient, emerging in situ groundwater and subsurface soil treatment technologies may provide effective, lower-cost alternatives. The remediation of groundwater contamination using in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) involves injecting oxidants and potentially coamendments directly into the source zone and downgradient plume. The oxidant chemicals react with the contaminants, producing substances such as carbon dioxide, water, and in the case of chlorinated compounds, inorganic chloride. This course provides information to help understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions on ISCO proposals. The primary oxidants addressed in this training are hydrogen peroxide, potassium and sodium permanganate, sodium persulfate, and ozone.

This training presents updated guidance and technology advancement information for in situ chemical oxidation. Topics include a regulatory discussion related to ISCO implementation; details on the chemistry behind ISCO technology; considerations for system design and application, including health and safety; and performance evaluation information. The course is based on the ITRC's In Situ Chemical Oxidation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater, 2nd Edition (ISCO-2, 2005), with sections on technology overview and applicability, remedial investigations, safety concerns, regulatory concerns, injection design, monitoring, stakeholder concerns, and case studies.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Munitions Response (e.g., UXO)

ITRC offers four Internet-based training courses on unexploded ordnance topics:

• Site Investigation and Remediation for Munitions Response Projects
• Munitions Response Historical Record Review
• Geophysical Prove-Outs for Munitions Response Projects
• Survey of Munitions Response Technologies

More details are provided below.

The Department of Defense (DOD) is currently working on an inventory of former ranges with potential for munitions contamination. There are an estimated 2,000 munitions-contaminated sites located in all 50 states and territories that may affect more than 10 million acres. State and tribal regulatory officials and community stakeholders are routinely required to evaluate DOD cleanup strategies with little, if any, environmentally oriented munitions response training or guidance. State regulators are increasingly being charged with oversight responsibility for munitions response cleanup projects on other than operational ranges, such as formerly used defense sites (FUDS) and base realignment and closure (BRAC) sites. In addition, DOD project managers and industry will benefit from a greater understanding of state regulator expectations.

ITRC's Unexploded Ordnance Team has developed this Internet-based training on the site investigation and site remediation process for munitions response sites on nonoperational ranges. This training provides an introduction and overview of the processes, tools, and techniques used in investigation and remediation. These concepts are illustrated using an example munitions response site. During the course of the training, major steps in each process are identified and key regulatory considerations discussed. This training also identifies additional sources for more detailed information on key aspects of investigation and remediation. State regulators and others who need to understand the general processes involved in these critical aspects of the munitions response process will benefit from this training.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archive.

The proper collection, analysis, and documentation of a historical records review for a munitions response (MR) provide the basis for the MR site investigation and remediation process. Because the historical review is the first step in evaluating hazards resulting from military activities at project sites, national, state, and local interest has increasingly focused on this review. To evaluate the adequacy of the review performed on a project site, regulators must understand the various processes involved in preparing a historical review because historical evaluations can vary greatly from site to site.

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to Munitions Response Historical Record Review (UXO-2, 2003), created by ITRC's Unexploded Ordnance Team to assist reviewers in assessing the adequacy of an MRHRR review of property potentially impacted by the use of military munitions. The course teaches the purpose, content, and terminology of munitions historical research; provides a uniform technical approach and useful tools for reviewing an MRHRR document independent of regulatory framework or authorities; and communicates state regulator expectations to those initiating, planning, and executing an MRHRR document.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Geophysical systems are used to detect surface and subsurface anomalies (i.e. unexploded ordnance [UXO] and/or discarded military munitions) during geophysical surveys of munitions response sites. These systems are tested, evaluated, and demonstrated by a site-specific geophysical prove-out (GPO). Information collected during the implementation of the prove-out is analyzed and used to select or confirm the selection of a geophysical system that can meet the performance requirements established for the geophysical survey.

This training introduces the purpose and scope of GPOs; provides examples of goals and objectives associated with GPOs; and presents detailed information needed to evaluate the design, construction, implementation and reporting of GPOs. The course is based on ITRC's Geophysical Prove-Outs for Munitions Response Projects (UXO-3, 2004). In addition to the material covered in the training, this document provides additional background information on geophysical surveys for readers who want to review the broader topic of geophysical surveys, equipment, processes and survey methodology to gain a greater understanding of the context of GPOs in the munitions response process.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Survey of Munitions Response Technologies

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to Survey of Munitions Response Technologies (UXO-4, 2006), created by the ITRC's Unexploded Ordnance Team in partnership with the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). The document provides an overview of the current status of commercially-available technologies in common usage for munitions response actions, and, where possible, assess and quantify their performance capabilities. The document includes detailed findings from three separate surveys: (1) an assessment of technology implementation prevalence, (2) an evaluation of Geophysical Prove-Out (GPO) characteristics, and (3) an analysis of technology performance based on GPO and standardized test site results. The document also provides background information about technologies used in munitions response actions, as well as information about advanced technologies.

This training course is intended for an intermediate to advanced audience and assumes an understanding of technologies and phases of munitions response. Background information on some of the topics can be found in Munitions Response Historical Records Review (UXO-2, 2003) and Geophysical Prove-Outs for Munitions Response Projects (UXO-3, 2004), and their associated Internet-based training courses (described above). This training course focuses on the major take-home conclusions of the Survey of Munitions Response Technologies (UXO-4, 2006) and provides an understanding of the performance capabilities of available technologies under real-world site conditions.

Course Date:

• March 25, 2008
• August 12, 2008 (Tuesday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. EASTERN TIME

Once the archive is available, you can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org .

All groundwater samplers or sampling methodologies attempt to collect a well-water sample which is representative of the groundwater adjacent to the well. The ITRC Passive Sampler Team has defined a passive groundwater sampler as one that is able to acquire a sample from a discrete position in a well without active media transport induced by pumping or purge techniques. Passive sampling is synonymous with no-purge sampling and can be used as a substitute or replacement for any current groundwater sampling technology. Passive samplers have been used in every state in the U.S. and in many other countries. Passive samplers are relatively easy to use; eliminate purge-water production (therefore, there is little or no disposal cost); reduce field sampling variability resulting in highly reproducible data; decrease field labor and project management costs for long-term monitoring; allow rapid field sample collection; sample discrete intervals in a well; are practical for use where access is difficult or discretion is desirable; can be deployed in series to provide a vertical contaminant profile; and have virtually no depth limit.

This training supports the understanding and use of the ITRC Protocol for Use of Five Passive Samplers to Sample for a Variety of Contaminants in Groundwater (DSP-5, 2007). The five technologies included in this document include diffusion samplers (Regenerated Cellulose Dialysis Membrane Sampler and Rigid Porous Polyethylene Sampler), equilibrated grab samplers (Snap™ and HydraSleeve™ Sampler); and an accumulation sampler (GORE™ Module). The training starts with information common to all five samples then focuses on each sampler as instructors describe the sampler and explain how it works; discuss deployment and retrieval of the sampler; highlight advantages and limitations; and present results of data comparison studies.

Course Dates:

• February 21, 2008
• April 24, 2008
• October 7, 2008 (Tuesday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

The ITRC Passive Sampler team developed a guidance document, User's Guide for Polyethylene-Based Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers to Obtain Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in Wells (DSP-1, March 2001), and associated Internet-based training course. This training course discusses the technical and regulatory considerations associated with deployment of PDB samplers. This training class is available in the ITRC archive – available anytime to view and hear a previous offering of the ITRC course at http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/diffusion_092503/ .

Perchlorate

ITRC offers two Internet-based training courses on perchlorate:

• Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Options
• Remediation Technologies

More details are provided below.

Perchlorate is an inorganic chemical ion consisting of chlorine bonded to four oxygen atoms (ClO₄^–). It occurs both naturally and in manmade compounds. While it was once thought to occur naturally only in one location, ongoing study has found naturally occurring perchlorate in other locations as well. In manmade compounds, it has been manufactured since before the turn of the last century and has been manufactured primarily for use in defense activities and the aerospace industry. Highly soluble and mobile in water, perchlorate is also very stable. Most of the attention focused on perchlorate contamination concerns ground and surface water contamination. However, it can also contaminate soil and vegetation. In general, past management practices did not prevent the release of perchlorate to the environment because it was not recognized or regarded as a contaminant of concern. Improved analytical methodology has increased the known extent of perchlorate contamination in the US. A variety of remediation technologies are currently commercially available and being used for perchlorate remediation.

This training, based on ITRC's Perchlorate: Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Options (PERC-1, September 2005), explains why perchlorate is a hot topic in the environmental community today including up-to-date information on sources, occurrences, toxicity and exposure, regulatory status and remediation alternatives.

Course Dates:

• January 15, 2008

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive.  

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Perchlorate contamination exists in water and soil and occurs widely throughout the United States. Public awareness and concern regarding perchlorate has increased in recent years. Perchlorate occurrence in drinking water and food supplies is a human health concern because it can interfere with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland and result in decreased thyroid hormone production. The ITRC Perchlorate Team was formed in 2004 to address technical issues associated with perchlorate. Many technologies are available to remediate perchlorate contamination, but only a few are commonly used.

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to Remediation Technologies for Perchlorate Contamination in Water and Soil (PERC-2, 2008), created by ITRC's Perchlorate Team to assist reviewers in assessing the adequacy of perchlorate remediation projects. This course gives the student a background in the available remediation technologies to treat perchlorate contamination, discusses emerging technologies, and presents case studies of applications.

The first document produced by the ITRC Perchlorate Team, Perchlorate: Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Options (PERC-1, 2005) and associated Internet-based training provide regulators and other stakeholders a basic overview of a broad spectrum of information regarding perchlorate sources, sampling and analysis techniques, a discussion of risk issues, risk management strategies and regulatory status, and included a brief summary of remediation technologies. It is recommended that the registrant review the Perchlorate: Overview of Issues, Status, and Remedial Options (PERC-1, 2005) document and associated Internet-based training archive for more information.

Course Dates :

• June 12 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• October 9 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

Once the archive is available, you can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

A permeable reactive barrier (PRB) is a continuous, in situ permeable treatment zone designed to intercept and remediate a contaminant plume. PRBs are often intended as a source-term management remedy or as an on-site containment remedy. Over the past 10 years, the use of iron-based PRBs has evolved from innovative to accepted standard practice for the containment and treatment of a variety of groundwater contaminants. Reactive media such as carbon sources (compost), limestone, granular activated carbon, zeolites, and others had also been deployed in recent years to treat metals and some organic compounds. Research and deployment of bio-barrier systems is also growing in recent years, particularly for treatment of chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbon constituents.

This training presents updated information regarding new developments, innovative approaches, and lessons learned in the application of PRBs to treat a variety of groundwater contaminants. The information will be presented by reviewing the approaches and results at several sites where PRBs have been deployed. The training is based on the ITRC guidance document titled Permeable Reactive Barriers: Lessons Learned/New Directions (PRB-4, 2005). Case studies from around the country are included in the training to show various designs, contaminants, reactive media, and cost data for PRB systems. The training provides new information on iron-based PRB systems while providing a solid introduction to the non-iron PRBs. As a prerequisite to this course, we ask that you review background information on PRBs as presented in the material from earlier ITRC PRB training courses. You can access archives of these trainings at http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/advprb_032102/ and http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/prb_031902/. Three other documents produced by the ITRC PRB team are also available for review on the ITRC Permeable Reactive Barriers Guidance Documents page.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Phytotechnologies use plants to contain, stabilize, sequester, assimilate, reduce, detoxify, degrade, metabolize, and/or mineralize contaminants in soil, groundwater, surface water, or sediments. Phytotechnologies can be applied in situ or ex situ and can address organic compounds such as petroleum hydrocarbons, gas condensates, crude oil, chlorinated compounds, pesticides, and explosive compounds, as well as inorganics including high salinity, heavy metals, metalloids, and radioactive materials.

This training familiarizes participants with ITRC's Phytotechnologies Technical and Regulatory Guidance (PHYTO-2, 2001) and the Phytoremediation Decision Tree (PHYTO-1, 1999), which enables users to input basic site information and determine through a flowchart whether phytotechnologies are feasible. The course provides technical and regulatory information to help understand, evaluate, and make informed decisions on phytotechnology proposals. Included is a description of the various sciences and engineering practices phytotechnologies require, regulatory considerations and policy issues, stakeholder concerns, case studies, and technical references.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Radionuclides

ITRC offers four Internet-based training courses on radionuclides:

• Radiation Risk Assessment - Updates and Tools
• Radiation Site Cleanup - CERCLA Requirements and Guidance
• Radiation Real-Time: Real-Time Measurement of Radionuclides in Soil
• Decontamination and Decommissioning of Radiologically-Contaminated Facilities

More details are provided below.

The ITRC Radionuclides Team's Determining Cleanup Levels at Radioactively Contaminated Sites: Case Studies (RAD-2, 2002) examines the factors influencing variations in cleanup level development at various radioactively contaminated sites and underscores the need for training to enhance consistency in radiation risk assessment application. The document also acknowledges the differences between the 'dose approach' used at some sites and EPA's 'risk-based approach.' Since most radioactively contaminated DOE and DOD sites are developing cleanup goals under CERCLA authority, there is a need for training that clarifies the variations between these approaches and elaborates on the methodology used to develop risk-based remediation goals. This training course has been collaboratively developed by the ITRC Radionuclides Team and EPA's Superfund Office to meet these needs. The focus of this training is EPA's new radiation risk assessment tools, which can facilitate better decision making for accelerated cleanups. Course modules have the following specific purposes:

• Regulatory Background and Case Studies: Provide an overview of the regulatory requirements for cleanup of radioactive waste
• Existing Practices in Radiation Risk Assessment: Clarify differences between existing radiation risk assessment practices (dose- and risk-based approaches) and provide updates
• Use of Radiation PRG Calculator: Explain how to use EPA's new risk-based PRG and ARAR dose calculators for radionuclides
• Case Study Application for PRG Calculator: Demonstrate site-specific challenges in application of tools

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives. You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

The ITRC Radionuclides Team's Determining Cleanup Goals at Radioactively Contaminated Sites: Case Studies (RAD-2, April 2002) examines the factors influencing variations in cleanup level development at various radioactively contaminated sites and underscores the need for training to enhance consistency in remedy selection for radiological contaminants. Since most radioactively contaminated DOE and DOD sites are developing cleanup goals under CERCLA authority, there is a need for training that elaborates on the methodology used to select remedies under EPA's approach for CERCLA sites.

This training course has been collaboratively developed by the ITRC Radionuclides Team and EPA's Superfund Office to meet these needs. Its focus is EPA's guidance for remediating radioactively contaminated sites, which can facilitate cleanups that are consistent with the way chemical contaminants are addressed, except where technical differences posed by radiation are addressed. In addition to cleanup and its associated guidance, this course introduces the participants to long-term stewardship (LTS) challenges related to large radioactively contaminated sites. This understanding of LTS issues is integral to the cleanup process and decisions made at the radiation sites. Course modules have the following specific purposes:

• Module 1 - Radiation Regulatory Background and Case Studies: Provide an overview of the regulatory requirements for cleanup of radioactive waste
• Modules 2 & 3 - EPA CERCLA Radiation Requirements and Guidance: Explain EPA remedy selection policy, in particular those guidance documents and tools that address radioactively contaminated sites
• Module 4 - Beyond Cleanup: Challenges of Long-Term Management of Radiation Sites: This module focuses on the challenges of long-term stewardship of large radiation sites identified by the ITRC Radionuclides Team in their document Issues of Long-Term Stewardship: State Regulators' Perspective (RAD-3, July 2004)

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives. You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) sites and some Superfund and U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) sites are contaminated with radionuclides. Radioactive contamination is also an issue potentially faced by Homeland Security. Characterization of radionuclides is an expensive and time-consuming process. Using real-time technologies to complete initial screening and characterization of radionuclide contamination results in more timely and cost-effective characterizations. Real-time technologies can also direct excavation resulting in more timely and cost-effective cleanups. The result is earlier protection of human health and the environment.

This training introduces state regulators, environmental consultants, site owners, and community stakeholders to ITRC's Technology Overview document Real-Time Measurement of Radionuclides in Soil: Technology and Case Studies (RAD-4, 2006), created by ITRC's Radionuclides Team. This training provides information on the basics of real-time measurement systems (detector types and platforms, location control and mapping technologies, surface and subsurface applications and limitations), how the technologies and data are used (characterization, remediation and closure, decision support, sources and types of uncertainty), acceptance issues (QA/QC, decision framework, uncertainty), and case studies. The purpose is to provide a solid background understanding of the technology itself and the context within which it is used.

Course Dates:

• March 13, 2008

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

The decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) of radiologically-contaminated facilities presents numerous challenges. Many tasks are involved, each of which requires adherence to a complex array of federal and state regulations and policies, attention to health and safety issues for workers and the public, monitoring and management of schedules and costs, and interaction with a potentially large number of stakeholders who have an interest in the present activities and future plans for sites undergoing D&D. Since large-scale D&D operations at nuclear facilities began in the 1970s, one of the most noticeable advances has been dramatic decreases in decommissioning cost. This change is the result of a combination of accumulated decommissioning operational experience reducing the high initial cost estimates (which were high due to uncertainties and poorly defined boundaries), evolution of regulatory guidance, and continuously-developing technologies.

A large body of knowledge has already been accumulated on D&D operations. At the present time, approximately 90 commercial power reactors, 250 research reactors, 100 mines, 5 reprocessing facilities, and 14 fuel fabrication plants have been retired from operation, with some having been fully dismantled. In addition, the largest environmental cleanup projects ever undertaken are in progress or have recently been completed at several large DOE facilities in the nuclear weapons complex. Technologies developed for the D&D portions of these cleanups are part of the lessons learned from these projects.

This training introduces regulators, cleanup contractors, site owners/operators, and technology providers to ITRC's Technical/Regulatory Guidance, Decontamination and Decommissioning of Radiologically-Contaminated Facilities (RAD-5, 2008), created by ITRC's Radionuclides Team. The curriculum is composed of four modules as follows:

• Module 1: Introduction and Regulatory Basis for D&D
• Module 2: Factors for Implementing D&D
• Module 3: Preliminary Remediation Goal (PRG) Calculators
• Module 4: Case Studies and Lessons Learned

Course Dates :

• April 3, 2008
• September 18, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

Once the archive is available, you can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

Remediation Process Optimization

• Remediation Process Optimization - Advanced Training
• Performance-based Environmental Management

More details are provided below.

Remediation Process Optimization - Advanced Training

Remediation Process Optimization (RPO) is the systematic evaluation and enhancement of site remediation to ensure that human health and the environment are being protected over the long term at minimum risk and cost. Successful remediation managers understand not only technologies to be deployed at sites, but also the underlying technical basis that supports the decision-making process. An understanding of these management methods and techniques taken together will serve as an excellent resource for moving forward on RPO projects.

The purpose of this ITRC training is to present an overview of the material covered in five technical fact sheets that ITRC's RPO Team produced to enhance site remediation optimization and decision-making. The training modules provide additional information and techniques to improve project schedules, effectively manage resources, emphasize risk, and discuss tools to efficiently cleanup contaminated sites. The ITRC RPO Fact Sheets (RPO-2 through 6, 2006) provide detailed information on the following topics:

• Life-cycle Cost Analysis
• Exit Strategy – Seeing the Forest Beyond the Trees
• Above Ground Treatment Technologies
• Data Management, Analysis, and Visualization Techniques
• Performance-based Management (PBM)

These fact sheets were developed following the feedback to the RPO team's Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document Remediation Process Optimization: Identifying Opportunities for Enhanced and More Efficient Site Remediation (RPO-1, September 2004) and training, "What is Remediation Process Optimization and How Can It Help Me Identify Opportunities for Enhanced and More Efficient Site Remediation?" (training archive available at http://www.clu-in.org/conf/itrc/rpo_092804/). The document and training archive are recommended as prerequisites for this RPO Advanced Internet-based training course.

Course Dates:

• January 24, 2008

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to the archive

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Performance-based Environmental Management

This ITRC training presents an overview of what PBEM is, explains how and when to implement it, and describes the issues that regulators are concerned about throughout PBEM's implementation. Case studies will be presented to illustrate successful PBEM projects. The course is valuable not only because PBEM is being proposed and implemented at many federal and private sites throughout the country, but also because PBEM provides an opportunity to enhance all site remediation.

This training is geared to those in the environmental remediation field including federal, state and local government officials; owners or operators of sites, and consultants. The course will be most beneficial if the participant has taken one of ITRC's remediation process optimization courses. Online archives are available for What is Remediation Process Optimization and How Can It Help Me Identify Opportunities for Enhanced and More Efficient Site Remediation? and for Remediation Process Optimization - Advanced Training. These courses are recommended as pre-requisites, but are not required. The training materials are based on the ITRC RPO Team's Technical Regulatory Guidance Document: Improving Environmental Site Remediation through Performance-Based Environmental Management (RPO-7, 2007).

Course Date:

• February 26, 2008
• June 5, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• August 26, 2008 (Tuesday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

Once the archive is available, you can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Assessment of human health risks posed by exposure to hazardous substances is a vital component to the process of remediation of contaminated sites. Risk-based screening values are developed and used in both planning and conducting site remediation. This training course is designed for site managers and others involved in making remedial decisions to help them better understand the risk assessment / risk management process. This training course describes the development and application of risk-based screening values. The first module provides a review of key risk assessment concepts related to risk management. It also introduces the Electronic Risk Resource Sheet developed by the ITRC Risk Assessment Resources team. The second module focuses on the process by which risk-based levels are derived in different states. This module introduces the document, Examination of Risk-Based Screening Values and Approaches of Selected States (RISK-1, 2005), developed by the ITRC Risk Assessment Resources team. The third module examines the application of risk assessment to remediation operations in two case studies providing examples of how risk assessment has actually been implemented, based upon research and case studies conducted by the ITRC Risk Assessment Resources team. This training course describes a number of the reasons behind variations in risk-based screening values and their use in risk management. Overall, the training course enhances the transparency and understanding of risk assessment and its use in remediation.

Course Dates:

• January 29, 2008
• April 17, 2008

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Small Arms Firing Ranges

ITRC offers two Internet-based training courses on small arms firing ranges:

• Characterization and Remediation of Soils at Closed Small Arms Firing Ranges
• Environmental Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Firing Ranges

More details are provided below.

Remediation of soils at small arms firing ranges presents unique challenges because contaminants exist both as discrete particles and as sorbed compounds dispersed throughout the soil matrix. The form and distribution of particulate lead varies based on range use, size and impact velocity of the round, soil characteristics, and past range maintenance practices. Removal of the discrete particles during remediation reduces not only total but leachable lead as well. Unfortunately, simple dry screening is seldom suitable to remove lead particles through all size ranges where it is present.

Based on ITRC's Characterization and Remediation of Soils at Closed Small Arms Firing Ranges (SMART-1, 2003), this course introduces participants to the various physical (including hydraulic), chemical, and biochemical mechanisms available to treat or stabilize closed small arms firing ranges, after some unique characterization challenges are overcome.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Small arms firing ranges are those ranges accepting .50-caliber or smaller nonexploding ammunition. The primary environmental concern is lead; however, there are other associated metals and a few organics to be considered where applicable. Range operators at military, law enforcement, commercial, and private ranges and the appropriate environmental professional who might be hired to manage a ranges' more complicated environmental issues should attend this Internet-based training on Technical Guideline for Environmental Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Ranges (SMART-2, 2005). Government environmental professionals charged with preventing environmental impact and offering technical assistance to the community should also attend this training and refer to the guidance document whenever they encounter small arms range questions. Government environmental professional are encouraged to use the downloadable version of this training and the associated guidelines as an on-site training tool for range operators in their states and communities.

This training explains how environmental management planning at small arms firing ranges is a method of pollution prevention. The training uses a logic diagram to describe the appropriate steps an environmental professional or range manager should use to establish an operational understanding of a range and the impact it can have on the environment if left unattended. It assists the user to define the environmental characteristics at a range that, left unattended, could potentially impact the environment. It lists the appropriate questions range operators should ask when evaluating the potential for environmental impact. As any potential for impact becomes apparent, the training briefly describes a variety of new and conventional technologies and techniques (i.e., 'best management practices') available to prevent environmental impact on the range. Finally, participants will be able to understand range operations and monitoring that will, when appropriately designed, enable the range to operate cost-effectively without endangering the environment or the shooting enthusiasts, law enforcement officers, the military, or the public.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

The Triad approach can be thought of as an initiative to update the environmental restoration process by providing a better union of scientific and societal factors involved in the resolution of contamination issues. It does so by emphasizing better investigation preparation (systematic project planning), greater flexibility in field work (dynamic work strategies), and advocacy of real-time measurement technologies, including field-generated data. The central concept that joins all of these ideas is the need to understand and manage uncertainties that affect decision making. The Triad approach relies on technological, scientific, and process advances that offer the potential for improvements in both quality and cost savings. The cost-saving potential is considered to be significant but is only now being documented by case studies.

This ITRC training course introduces the Triad concept and highlights how this process can increase the effectiveness and quality of environmental investigations. Key terms are defined, and the advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The concepts embodied in the three legs of the Triad approach--systematic project planning, dynamic work strategies, and real-time measurement technologies--are discussed. Some case studies are discussed, including the savings of time and money attributed to using the Triad approach. This training explains the relationship of the Triad to previous regulatory guidance and offers a discussion of issues that may affect stakeholders. An example is given of a state's efforts to formally adopt the Triad approach into its existing regulatory program. The training concludes by directing trainees to additional resources for further study. The ITRC guidance document Technical and Regulatory Guidance for the Triad Approach: A New Paradigm for Environmental Project Management (SCM-1, 2003) developed by the ITRC Sampling, Monitoring and Characterization Team, serves as the basis for this training course.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Vapor Intrusion is the migration of volatile chemicals from the subsurface into overlying buildings. Volatile chemicals may include volatile organic compounds, select semi-volatile organic compounds, and some inorganic analytes, such as elemental mercury and hydrogen sulfide. Degradation of the indoor air quality causes a great deal of fear and anxiety among building occupants, business, and other property owners. Vapor intrusion has become a significant environmental issue for regulators, industry leaders, and concerned residents. Vapor intrusion requires three components: the source, an inhabited building, and a pathway from the source to the inhabitants.

The ITRC Vapor Intrusion Team is composed of representatives from 19 states environmental agencies, 12 environmental companies, and four federal agencies (including EPA). This team developed the ITRC Technical and Regulatory Guidance document Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A Practical Guideline (VI-1, 2007), companion document Vapor Intrusion Pathway: Investigative Approaches for Typical Scenarios (VI-1A, 2007), and this Internet-based training course to be used by regulatory agencies and practitioners alike. This training course provides an overview of the vapor intrusion pathway and information on the framework (evaluation process), investigative tools, and mitigation approaches. The training course uses typical scenarios to illustrate the process.

Course Dates:

• February 19, 2008
• April 29, 2008
• July 29, 2008 (Tuesday) 2:00 p.m. - 4:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME
• October 16, 2008 (Thursday) 11:00 a.m. - 1:15 p.m. EASTERN TIME

You can access an archive (listen/view slides) of a previous offering by going to: http://cluin.org/live/archive.cfm#itrc (you will have to scroll down to find the course of interest).

On-line course registration opens 4-6 weeks before each session. Click here to register for ITRC training hosted by EPA's Clu-In. Dates subject to change. If you have additional questions after completing the on-line registration form please call 402-201-2419 or e-mail training@itrcweb.org.

Wetlands

ITRC offers two Internet-based training courses on wetlands:

• Constructed Treatment Wetlands
• Guidance for Characterization, Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Mitigation Wetlands

More details are provided below.

Natural wetlands have been called 'nature's kidneys' because of their ability to remove contaminants from the water flowing through them. Wetlands are perhaps second only to tropical rain forests in biological productivity; plants grow densely and there is a rich microbial community in the sediment and soil in part supported by the plant roots.

Constructed treatment wetlands are manmade wetlands developed specifically to treat contaminants typically in water that flows through them. They are constructed to recreate, to the extent possible, the structure and function of natural wetlands. Like other phytoremediation approaches, treatment wetlands are self-sustaining (though sometimes optimized with minimal energy input), making them a very attractive option for water treatment compared to conventional treatment systems, especially when lifetime costs are compared.

Based on Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document for Constructed Treatment Wetlands  (WTLND-1, 2003), this course describes the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms operating in wetlands treatment systems; the contaminants to which they apply; the characteristics of sites suitable to treatment in this fashion; and relevant regulatory issues.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.

Once regarded as wastelands, wetlands are now considered a valuable ecosystem. By the 1980s as much as 50% of the original wetlands resources in the United States had been lost and were disappearing at a rate of approximately 300,000 to 400,000 acres per year. Wetlands are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. Species of microbes, plants, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals are part of wetland ecosystems. Physical and chemical features such as climate, topology, geology, and the movement and abundance of water help determine the plants and animals varieties that inhabit each wetland.

Mitigation (Restoration) wetlands are built to offset wetlands losses due to development or degradation. They are designed to return wetlands from a disturbed or altered condition to the previously existing condition or create new wetlands to compensate for the loss. Recent reports have highlighted the high failure rate of mitigation wetlands, with only 30%-50% of all projects considered successful. To improve the success of wetland mitigation projects, this training presents comprehensive guidance for regulators, environmental professionals, or owners to use to understand, characterize, design, construct, and monitor mitigation wetlands. The course is based on Characterization, Design, Construction, and Monitoring of Mitigation Wetlands (WTLND-2, 2005) by the ITRC Mitigation Wetlands Team.

No offering of this course is planned in 2008; however, an archived class is available to view and hear in the archives.